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Pharmacological effects of budesonide: 1. Induces the synthesis of lipocortin and inhibits phospholipase A2, reducing the production and release of lipid inflammatory mediators such as platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and other lipid inflammatory mediators generated by the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids catalyzed by this enzyme. 2. Induce the expression of angiotensin I converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, respectively accelerate the production of angiotensin II, and degrade and inactivate bradykinin and tachykinin; inhibit the expression of nitrous oxide synthase and reduce the production of nitrous oxide. Thereby constricting blood vessels, or reducing the effects of various other active substances other than vasotensin II on dilating blood vessels, causing inflammation, and inducing neurogenic inflammatory reactions. In addition, it can also induce the production of the vasoconstrictor substance angiocortin. 3. Inhibit the expression of various cytokines, such as interleukins 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8, tumor necrosis factor, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Reduce the role of the above factors in airway inflammation, especially chronic inflammation. 4. Promote the expression of adrenergic β2 receptors and increase sensitivity to endogenous and exogenous medicinal β2 receptor agonists. 5. Immunosuppressive effect: It has an inhibitory effect on the entire immune process from the phagocytosis of antigens, the division, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes to the effector period.

Are budesonide asthma capsules available in pharmacies? my country was approved for import in November 2001. Domestic pharmacies sell sprays with specifications of 0.5mg/2ml and 1mg/2ml. There is no approved marketing of budesonide capsules.

How to use budesonide capsules: Take them about half an hour before meals and swallow them whole with a large amount of liquid (such as a glass of water). Treatment of active Crohn's disease and collagenous colitis should be limited to 8 weeks. Treatment to maintain remission in autoimmune hepatitis should be continued for at least 24 months. Its termination is possible only if biochemical remission is sustained and signs of inflammation are absent in liver biopsy. Termination of treatment: It should not be stopped suddenly but gradually withdrawn (tapered). During the first week, the daily dose should be reduced to two capsules, one in the evening and one at night. During the second week, take only one capsule in the morning. Treatment can then be stopped.