Diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a malignant plasma cell disease that originates from plasma cells in the bone marrow. This disease is characterized by abnormal proliferation of plasma cells and overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulins or light chains (Mproteins). The diagnosis of multiple myeloma is a comprehensive consideration process involving clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging and pathological results.

First of all, clinical manifestations are an important basis for diagnosis. Patients often present with symptoms such as bone pain, anemia, renal impairment, hypercalcemia, and infection. In particular, bone pain is often the first manifestation of the disease, and the pain is mostly located in the lumbosacral region, chest, back, and ribs.

Secondly, a physical examination is also essential. The doctor will observe whether the patient has superficial lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and other signs, which will help to initially judge the condition.

However, clinical manifestations and physical examination alone are not enough to confirm the diagnosis, and laboratory testing is crucial. Routine blood tests can assess the degree of anemia, and serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis can detect abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulins. In addition, renal function tests and blood calcium and urine calcium measurements are also important means to evaluate the condition.

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are key steps in confirming the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. A clear diagnosis can be made by removing bone marrow tissue and observing the morphology and number of plasma cells, as well as the presence of abnormal monoclonal plasma cells.

Imaging and pathological examinations also provide important basis for diagnosis. Imaging examinations such as

At the time of diagnosis, it is also necessary to distinguish between symptomatic myeloma and asymptomatic myeloma. Symptomatic people usually have obvious abnormalities in clinical manifestations and laboratory tests and require active treatment; while asymptomatic people have abnormalities but have not yet developed obvious symptoms and need to closely monitor changes in their condition.

To sum up, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma is a complex and meticulous process that requires comprehensive consideration of multiple aspects of evidence. Only a comprehensive and accurate diagnosis can provide the best treatment plan for the patient.

(Common multiple myeloma treatment drugs include: melphalan, melphalan, bortezomib, ixazomib, etc. For specific drug details, please see the website homepage or click for consultation.)